Julian the Apostate, Constantius II by Ammianus Marcellinus Essay

Julian the Apostate, Constantius II by Ammianus Marcellinus - Essay Example Ammianus Marcellinus was an antiquarian with an incredible feeling of things. For somebody who has live through the hours of rich and distinctive occasions, nothing is normal with the exception of a beautiful record of occasions. Be that as it may, in the light of what the term history implied, records with the end goal that of Marcellinus might be thoughtlessly considered as only a story of individual encounters and critiques. His works may have the patches on; there might be inclinations on the records he had composed. When faced by occasions and conditions, it is innate for each individual to pick our sides, to think of our inescapable results. Students of history are not barred. For a for example, consider his compositions on Julian the Apostate and Constantius II. In such circumstances, there is no better method to think of a judgment than to decently break down the condition and think about the conditions. Did Marcellinus have his prejudice recorded as a hard copy the records o f these two figures? Besides, did he, as far as legislative issues and religion, favor the arrangement of Julian the Apostate over Constantius II, and have it reflect in his writings?Most accounts tell that there isn't greatly known about Ammianus Marcellinus’ life. From sources, it is said that he was destined to an honorable Greek family in Antioch, Syria, around 325-330. There are no records of his initial life and instructive foundation. A large portion of the true to life data accessible tells that he entered the Roman armed force at a youthful age, when east had Constantius II as the sovereign.

TERM PAPER OUTLINE

Research project OUTLINE Any research project plot is the best solid compass all through the entire composition. Here an individual orchestrates the entire arrangement of components, he is set up to talk about in his research project. As a rule, an individual needs to do it all alone. Be that as it may, on the off chance that you need an expert help and research project plot, we are prepared to help. The viable use of the underlying thought of research project diagram creation is here as a significant help for you to remain focused. It is profoundly imperative to adhere to chosen focuses in your research paper. At whatever point, a coach can demand you to present your working research paper layout, you ought to be completely prepared to introduce it. The person will presumably assess ways you are probably going to create in your postulation. Because of his instructive experience, your guide will have the option to see the heading your paper is taking. In the event that essential, you can amend, change and reframe the underlying adaptation of your research project layout. For instance, you find new material and find new plans to turn into a piece of your research project. Research project OUTLINE Research project layout is a type of a structure to follow. The advantage of having a research paper layout is regularly thought little of. Suppose you were to have a total outline of a house, a severe rule to follow. Wouldn’t you need a similar rule for your own life? If you somehow happened to realize that the choice that you will cause will to present to you an achievement in whatever you do. Wouldn’t you need that? In any case, a research project plot is a wellspring of an unmistakable research project structure that you will possibly profit when utilized. Orchestrate the significant focuses and sub-focuses you wish to examine. Investigate the culmination of the structure and do some additional items at the end.â You may imagine that following a rule meaning a research paper diagram is testing won't go anyplace. Utilize your imagination as much as you need and apply the rationale of a diagram. Presentation presents principle thought or the term paper’s reason. Familiarize the peruser with the issue or point and propose a theory articulation. Body will incorporate body sections, focuses and their supporting realities or contentions proceeding onward to conceivable existing or fanciful yet potential arrangements. End summarizes the focuses you made to help the thought or term paper’s reason. All done!

Alcohols Effect on Nutrition

Alcohols Effect on Nutrition More in Addiction Alcohol Use Binge Drinking Withdrawal and Relapse Children of Alcoholics Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Good nutrition is, of course, essential for providing energy and maintaining body structure and function. Many alcoholics, however, tend to eat less than the amount of food necessary to provide sufficient carbohydrates, protein, fat, vitamins and minerals. On top of that, alcohol itself can interfere with the nutrition process by affecting digestion, storage, utilization and excretion of nutrients. Consequently, chronic heavy drinkers are hit with a double health whammyâ€"they dont consume enough nutrients, and the nutrients they do consume are not utilized well. As a result, many drinkers with alcohol use disorders are at least mildly malnourished and if their disorder is severe enough for them to be hospitalized, they are usually severely malnourished. How Nutrition Is Supposed to Work The digestive system is supposed to work this way: The body begins to breakdown food into usable molecules in the mouth and continues the process in the stomach and intestines, with help from the pancreas. Nutrients from digested food are absorbed into the blood from the intestines and carried to the liver where they are prepared for immediate use or for storage for later use. Alcohol Interferes With Digestion Alcohol inhibits the natural breakdown of nutrients in several ways: Decreasing secretion of digestive enzymes from the pancreas.Impairing nutrient absorption by damaging the cells lining the stomach and intestines.Disabling transport of some nutrients into the blood.Preventing those nutrients that are absorbed from being fully utilized by altering their transport, storage, and excretion. If the person who is drinking to excess is also not eating well, their nutritional deficiencies alone can impair the absorption of nutrients by altering the cells lining the small intestine. Alcohol and Energy Supply Eating a balanced diet provides the body with the necessary calories to be used for energy, but some alcoholics will ingest as much as 50% for their total daily calories from alcohol. Alcohol does provide calories, but the body processes and uses the energy from alcohol differently than it does the calories from food. Because chronic drinking can cause the body to use the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS) to metabolize alcohol, much of that energy is lost as heat rather than used for energy. Alcohol and Hypoglycemia If alcohol is substituted for carbohydrates, calorie for calorie, the person will lose weight instead of gain weight. This means they are getting less energy from alcohol calories than from food calories. In alcoholics who are malnourished, consuming alcohol can cause a decrease in blood sugar, which can cause serious injury. The hypoglycemia, even if short-lived, can cause the brain and other body tissue to be deprived of the glucose needed to function. Alcohol and the Maintenance of Cell Structure If you do not have enough protein in your diet, your body is not able to properly maintain cell structure, because cells are composed mostly of protein. If you drink alcohol to excess, you can prevent the protein that you do eat from maintaining cell structure. Alcohol can affect protein nutrition in the following ways: Impairs digestion of proteins to amino acidsImpairs processing of amino acids by the small intestine and liverImpairs synthesis of proteins from amino acidsImpairs protein secretion by the liver Alcohol and the Maintenance of Function Proteins, vitamins, and minerals are essential for maintaining proper body function. Alcohol can affect proper body functioning by causing nutrient deficiencies and by disrupting the machinery the body uses to metabolize nutrients. Vitamins: Vitamins help regulate many physiological processes in the body essential to maintaining growth and normal metabolism. By impairing absorption, metabolism, and utilization of vitamins, chronic heavy drinking can cause vitamin deficiencies. Alcohol consumption can cause deficiencies in vitamin A, C, D, E, K, and B vitamins. These deficiencies can cause night blindness, softening of the bones, slow healing of wounds, decreased the ability of the blood to clot and, in the brain, severe neurological damage. Minerals: Alcoholics have been found to have deficiencies in calcium, magnesium, iron, and zinc. Research shows that drinking alcohol itself does not limit the absorption of minerals, but alcohol-related problems do. Mineral deficiencies may be caused by other alcohol-related conditions: Decreased calcium absorption caused by fat malabsorption.Magnesium deficiency due to poor diet.Magnesium loss due to excretion, vomiting, and diarrhea.Iron deficiency due to gastrointestinal bleeding.Zinc losses related to other nutrient deficiencies. Alcohol, Malnutrition, and Medical Complications Liver Disease: Alcohol itself is the major cause of alcoholic liver disease, but poor nutrition can decrease nutrients normally found in the liver and therefore contribute to alcohol-related liver damage. Alcohol depletes carotenoids, a major source of vitamin A and E in the liver. Pancreatitis: Some studies have found that alcohols damaging effect on the pancreas is exacerbated by a diet deficient in protein. Other research has suggested that malnutrition can increase the risk of developing alcoholic pancreatitis. Brain Damage: Nutritional deficiencies can have a variety of severe and permanent effects on how the brain works. Thiamine deficiency in particular, which is frequently seen in people with severe alcohol use disorders, can cause serious neurological problems, impaired movement, and memory loss. Pregnancy: Not only does drinking during pregnancy have direct toxic effects on fetal development, but alcohol-related nutritional deficiency can also affect the fetus, compounding the risk of developmental damage. Alcohol has been shown to restrict nutrition flow to the fetus. Take Care of Yourself If you are drinking more than the recommended guidelines, chances are you are probably not eating as well as you should either. Not only is the excess alcohol in your system potentially causing a variety of negative health effects on your body, but you may also be facing a risk of damage from poor nutrition. If you do drink, make sure that you look after yourself by getting enough nutrients, eating balanced meals and maybe supplementing your diet with a good one-a-day multivitamin, appropriate for your age and gender.

Miltons Satan Essay - 1950 Words

Milton’s Satan in Paradise Lost is a complex character meant to be the evil figure in the epic poem. Whenever possible Satan attempts to undermine God and the Son of God who is the true hero of the story. Throughout the story Milton tells the readers that Satan is an evil character, he is meant not to have any redeeming qualities, and to be shown completely as an unsympathetic figure. Satan’s greatest sins are pride and vanity in thinking he can overthrow God, and in the early part of the poem he is portrayed as selfish while in Heaven where all of God’s angels are loved and happy. Satan’s journey starts out as a fallen angel with great stature, has the ability to reason and argue, but by Book X the anguish and pain he goes through is†¦show more content†¦Satan’s character embodies the idea of a heroic figure because he questions what he feels to be true, even though his tragic fall is that he becomes easily misguided. The classical des cription of a hero does not make it easy for readers to compare Satan’s character in Paradise Lost to a heroic figure. The definition of a hero is usually a man, who is essentially good, and faces difficult challenges and successfully overcomes difficulties. Of course, Satan’s true motives also make him less heroic, but in Milton’s poem the definition of a hero is challenged by Satan’s and by God’s character as well. In Susan Henthorne’s article on Paradise Lost she states, â€Å"The characteristics of God and Satan are problematic,† in that â€Å"God can seem as tyrannical and cruel...† and â€Å"Satan with his fallen nature, is easier to understand† (Enthrone). The traditional definition of a hero contradicts God’s characteristics in that they appear anti-heroic. Milton’s God is portrayed as a powerful ruler who bestows his blessings to those who follow him and eternal damnation to those who do not. When Satan questions God’s will Satan is thrown out of heaven and this act shows that God is capable vengeful anger. God’s unfriendly, distance, and wrathful characteristics makes Satan’s character even more appealing, seen as a heroic figure, and readersShow MoreRelated Miltons Satan in Paradise Lost Essay1783 Words   |  8 PagesMiltons Satan in Paradise Lost After researching Satan and his kingdom, Hell, through the Bible and Paradise Lost to compare and contrast the two characterizations, I realized that Milton must have been a true Bible scholar. Milton’s Satan is described so closely to the Biblical view of Satan that it is often times hard to distinguish the two. Milton changed and elaborated on a few characteristics of his Satan and his Hell in order to create Paradise Lost, but based his characterization andRead MoreCharacter Analysis of Satan in Miltons Paradise Lost735 Words   |  3 PagesFavorite Character in Paradise Lost One of the most intriguing characters in the epic Paradise Lost is Satan who rebels against God and chooses to live his life on his own terms. While Satan is commonly associated with evil, John Milton portrays him sympathetically and shows uses him as a tool to demonstrate the power of free will. In Paradise Lost, Satan can be considered to be the ultimate rebel. Not only does he defy God, but he also influences others to think for themselves and to blindly followRead MoreEssay on Satan in John Miltons Paradise Lost2512 Words   |  11 PagesWho is Satan? Satan’s definitions include the advocate of God, a personification of evil, the fallen angel, a spirit created by God, and also the accuser. People see Satan differently, some know of his existence, others think of him as just a myth, and there are those that just ignore him. John Miltons Paradise Lost tells of Satans banishment from Heaven and his gain of earth. He and his brigade have plotted war against God and are now doomed to billow in the fiery pits of hell. Satan is a complexRead MoreThe Progression Of Satan In John Miltons Paradise Lost1319 Words   |  6 Pages The Progression of Satan Paradise Lost is an epic poem written by John Milton other uses this epic poem to depict the integral scenes, or rather, experiences that lead up to the fall of mankind in the Garden of Eden. In the Bible, as well as all prominent, and popular religious works; there is a clear distinction as to who the reader should be cheering for throughout their readings. However, John Miltons Paradise Lost has turned this concept on its head. Rather than placing the focus ontoRead More Discuss Milton’s presentation of Satan in Paradise Lost Essay2739 Words   |  11 PagesDiscuss Milton’s presentation of Satan in Paradise Lost There has been considerable critical interest in the figure of Satan in Paradise Lost, and in the possibility that he may be the true hero of the epic poem. The opening of the poem finds Milton in a tough spot: writing an epic poem without an epic hero in sight. In order to achieve a rationally balanced poem, he wants to let the first half rise from Hell through Chaos and towards Heaven, thereby balancing the fall of humankind in theRead MoreParadise Lost - John Miltons Satan; Hero or Not? Essay1844 Words   |  8 PagesThroughout time, John Miltons Paradise Lost has been studied by many people and comprehended in many different fashions, developing all kinds of new interpretations of the great epic. There have been many different interpretations of this great epic. Miltons purpose in writing the epic was to explain the biblical story of Adam and Eve. Although the epic is similar to the Bible story in many ways, Miltons character structure differs from that of the Bibles version. All through out the epic MiltonRead More Essay on Freedom and Satan in John Milton’s Paradise Lost1145 Words   |  5 PagesFreedom and Satan in Paradise Lost  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   Satans primary operational problem in Paradise Lost is his lack of obedience. The fundamental misunderstanding which leads to Satans disobedience is his separation of free will from Gods hierarchical power. In the angel Raphaels account, Satan tells his dominions, Orders and Degrees/Jarr not with liberty (5.792-93). Tempting as this differentiation seems, Satan is mistaken. Free will and hierarchical power are not mutually exclusive, as Satan suggestsRead MoreEssay about Shakespeare’s Macbeth and Milton’s Satan of Paradise Lost1822 Words   |  8 Pages Shakespeare’s Macbeth and Milton’s Satan of Paradise Lost bear many similarities to each other. Both characters possess diabolical ambitions to overthrow the natural order of their circumstances for the lust for power. Both committed atrocious acts that led to others’ downfalls-Macbeth committed multiple acts of murder, and Satan vowed to corrupt humankind and did so with deceit. Bo th are portrayed as complex characters with, in some cases, conflicted feelings about their evil doings. AsideRead MoreJohn Miltons Epic Poem about Satan, Paradise Lost632 Words   |  2 Pagesthats Satan. I believe miltons hero is Satan because of the way he talks about Satan in the epic poem. When the epic poem is read it sounds as if Milton ecourges the behavior of Satan. I Believe Milton considers Satan to be the hero, or protagonist, of the story, because he struggles to overcome his own doubts and weaknesses and accomplishes his goal of corrupting humankind. Satan is a very complex character in the epic poem. I belive Milton considers Satan as his hero because he want Satan to seemRead MoreJohn Miltons Epic Poem, Paradise Lost1827 Words   |  7 PagesSatan the Epic Hero In John Miltons epic poem, , he recreates the Genesis story of the fall of man, as it was caused by Satan. It is Satans fatal flaws of pride and ambition that led him to battle with Heaven, and even though he was defeated, he would not give up his battle against God. Ultimately, he did accomplish both the instilling of sin into man and the promise of doing evil against both God and man for an eternity. On the other hand, throughout the epic poem, we also observe Satan struggle

Illegal Immigration Illegal Immigrants - 949 Words

Illegal immigrants have been a hot topic lately due to the popularity of this topic amongst the Republican Presidential Nominees, especially Donald Trump. These illegal immigrants bring various things to this country when they come. Some things are positive, such as a family simply seeking to find a better life, while some things are harmful to the United States, such as the amount of crime among illegal immigrants. In July 2015, the most recent estimate of illegal immigrants was 11.2 million. This same data shoes that 56 percent of all deportations last year were convicted criminals, which accounted for 177,960 individuals (Shoichet, 2015). Crime among illegal immigrants is a problem, and sanctuary cities, which are supposed to be a solution, may be making this problem worse. Although illegal immigrants only make up less than four percent of the total population in the United States, five percent of the population in both state and federal prisons is made up of those who are not Un ited States citizens. Between 2010 and 2014, 121 illegal immigrants who were released from immigration custody were later charged with murder (Shoichet, 2015). Figures show that immigrants are three times more likely to be convicted of murder than the general population. Each year, approximately 900,000 legal and illegal immigrants are arrested, and 700,000 of these end up being released. Illegal immigrants account for 12 percent of murder sentences, 20 percent of kidnapping sentences, and 16Show MoreRelatedIllegal Immigrants And Illegal Immigration1100 Words   |  5 PagesIllegal immigration Over the past few years illegal immigration has become a bigger problem. Statistics reveal that more and more immigrants are entering the country illegally by crossing the borders. If something is not done soon, this may get out of hand and be to gone far not to handle. The number of illegal immigrants have gone up over the past years drastically In 2011, there were 40 million immigrants in the U.S. Of that 11.1 million were illegal. Although the number of illegalRead MoreIllegal Immigrants And Illegal Immigration1286 Words   |  6 Pages Undocumented Immigration An analysis of illegal immigration in the United States reveals one challenge facing the banks and other institutions: whether to provide banking and other services to the illegal immigrants or to treat them as criminals because they are illegal and therefore, not to provide them with banking and other services. The articles, â€Å"Crossing the Line† by Stein and â€Å"Illegal Immigrants – They’re Money,† by Rodriguez discuss the impact of illegal immigration in the United StatesRead MoreIllegal Immigration And Illegal Immigrants1335 Words   |  6 PagesIllegal immigration has been one of the main topics during the last three presidential election. Many bills and laws have been passed in order to keep them out but is it really necessary to neglect illegal immigrant? Most Americans believe that illegal immigrants are only people of Mexicans or Latin American descent but illegal immigrants can be from any race or country. Illegal immigration is defined by United States Department of Homeland Security as â€Å"†¦ all foreign-born non-citizens who are notRead MoreIllegal Immigrants And Illegal Immigration964 Words   |  4 Pages Attention Step (quotation, question, or story) About four months ago in government class, we had a class discussion. The topic was illegal immigration. One student said that America should send the illegal immigrants back to their country because they are taking American’s jobs. He stated that he would send his dad back to Mexico because he is an illegal immigrant. Going around the circle that we created, everyone gave their opinions, most disagreed, but some agreed with the student. When it wasRead MoreIllegal Immigrants And Illegal Immigration1902 Words   |  8 PagesSince the 1980s, the US government has undertaken initiatives to make its borders more non-porous to illegal immigration from its neighboring countries. The menace of illegal immigrants seeking better opportunities in the USA started reflecting in the 1970s. The migrating people are motivated by the better non-skilled or semi-skilled employment opportunities in the USA and the relatively higher remuneration for services rendered in the USA than in the neig hbor countries especially Mexico (HansonRead MoreIllegal Immigrants And Illegal Immigration1073 Words   |  5 PagesGriffin Tritto Politics Paper 5/1/17 Immigration Through the past few decades, the rise of illegal immigrants has been both good and bad. The topic of illegal immigration has recently been brought up frequently by politicians, seeing the economic problems that have occurred. An â€Å"illegal† immigrant is somebody who enters a country without following the proper legal requirements to make them a citizen. Illegal immigration is not only taking place in the United States, but all over the globe.Read MoreIllegal Immigrants : Illegal Immigration906 Words   |  4 PagesIllegal Immigration In Texas Border Security is a pressing issue within Texas. Every year, thousands of illegal immigrants cross the border in an attempt to have a better life. No one has issues with legal immigration, but to illegally trespass into this country tends to upset many people. This issue of border security has become more prevalent with the upcoming election Illegal immigration is causing job loss to legal residents of the state because illegal immigrants are doing labor cheaper. AlsoRead MoreIllegal Immigrants : Illegal Immigration900 Words   |  4 Pagesin America is illegal immigration; these people travel from all over the world, and illegally cross national borders onto U.S soil in desperation to find a better life. Immigrants come to America in hopes of fulfilling the American dream, being free and safe from their original home lands. Most immigrants are illegal and come by the millions each year, which lead to many controversial disputes. The overflow of immigrants caused many citizens to q uestion if these illegal immigrants are damaging AmericaRead MoreIllegal Immigration And Illegal Immigrants3175 Words   |  13 Pagesincreasing number of illegal immigrants in this country. Just recently Obama took executive action to shield illegal immigrants from deportation. A Texas Judge though blocked his executive action on immigration. Illegal immigration is a huge controversy here in the United States partly due to Americans thinking that illegal immigrates are taking jobs, causing lower wages, and the costs of education. In Immigration and the American Worker, George Borjas found that the presence of immigrant workers, whetherRead MoreIllegal Immigration And Illegal Immigrants1793 Words   |  8 Pagesrecent discussion s of illegal immigration, a controversial issue has been whether or not to grant amnesty to illegal immigrants in the U.S. On the one hand, some argue that amnesty shouldn’t be granted to illegal criminals. From this perspective, there are downfalls that many ignore and is unjust and stereotypical that all illegals are dangerous criminals. On the other hand, however, others argue that amnesty should be granted to illegal immigrants and how all of us are immigrants. In the words of one

GDP †A Gross Deception Free Essays

Capitalism concentrates on production of wealth more than distribution of wealth to satisfy the needs, which is secondary in their view. Therefore, the capitalist economic system has one aim, which is to increase the country’s wealth as a whole, and it works to arrive at the highest possible level of production. It considers that the achievement of the highest possible level of welfare for the members of society will come as a result of increasing the national income by raising the level of production in the country, and in enabling individuals to be able to take the wealth, by being left free to work in producing and possessing it. We will write a custom essay sample on GDP – A Gross Deception or any similar topic only for you Order Now So for capitalists the economy does not exist to satisfy the needs of every individual, rather it is focused on satisfying the needs of the wider community by raising the level of production and increasing the national income of the country. It believes that through the availability of the national income, the distribution of income among the members of society occurs, by means of freedom of possession and freedom of work. So it is left to the individuals to obtain what they can of the wealth, everyone according to what he has of its productive factors, whether all the individuals or only some individuals are satisfied. This is the so called â€Å"trickle-down effect†, a now-discredited theory of distribution which holds that the concentration of wealth in a few hands benefits the poor as the wealth necessarily â€Å"trickles down† to them, mainly through employment and as a result of investments made by the wealthy. In most cases, this policy failed, as the benefits were pocketed by a few. GNP is used widely by the capitalist nations as a measure of total production of all goods and services produced in a nation (usually annually) and central to a government’s national income accounts. GNP was introduced during World War II as a measure of wartime production capacity, since then the Gross National Product (since changed to Gross Domestic Product – GDP) has become a nation’s foremost indicator of economic progress. Yet the GDP was never intended for this role. It is merely a gross tally of products and services bought and sold. However it is now widely used by policy makers, economists, international agencies and the media as the primary scorecard of a nation’s economic health and well- being. Yet in this role it has many serious flaws. 1. The GDP ignores everything that happens outside the realm of monetized exchange, regardless of its importance to well-being and the society. Hence values (humanitarian, ethical, spiritual) other than material values go entirely ignored. 2. The GDP records every monetary transaction as positive, so the costs of social decay and natural disasters are tallied as an economic advance. For example the terrible effects of crime are recorded positively as adding billions of dollars to the GDP due to the need for locks and other security measures, increased police protection, property damage, and medical costs. Hurricane Andrew was a disaster for Southern Florida USA, but the GDP recorded it as a boon to the economy of well over $15 billion. 3. GDP ignores the drawbacks of living on foreign assets. Where governments have increased their spending by borrowing from abroad, this raises the GDP temporarily, but the need to repay this debt becomes a growing burden on the national economy. This downside of borrowing from abroad is not reflected in the GDP. 4. The GNP was turned into the GDP – a change that was deceptive and exploited by the Capitalist nations. Under the old measure, the Gross National Product, the earnings of a capitalist multinational firm were attributed to the country where the firm was owned and where the profits would eventually return. Under the Gross Domestic Product, however, the profits are attributed to the country where the factory is located, even though the profits won’t stay there. This accounting shift has deceptively turned many struggling nations into statistical boomtowns. Statistics which are used in aiding the push for globalisation and free trade. Conveniently, it hides a basic fact: that the western Capitalist nations are walking off with the resources of poorer nations and calling it a gain for the poor. 5. Above all GDP ignores the distribution of income. In effect the GDP hides the fact that a rising tide does not lift all boats. From 1973 to 1993 in the USA, while GDP rose by over 50 percent, wages suffered a decline of almost 14 percent. Meanwhile, during the 1980s alone, the top 5 percent of households increased their real income by almost 20 percent. Yet the GDP presents this enormous gain at the top as a bounty to all. Furthermore the average number of poor people averaged more than 30 million people over the last 40 years in the US, with an average of 15% of the population being poor. In the meantime, the gross national product continued to increase drastically, over the same period. The GDP grew from $400 billions to $10 trillions from 1959 to 2000. This very large increase in the national product did not contribute to the resolution of poverty. More than 30 million people continue to be poor. Hence Capitalism superbly increases the production of products and services, and hence wealth. However this completely fails to resolve the poverty of the individuals. The number of poor people continues to grow. In reality therefore GDP as a measure of a nation’s economic well being is really a deception. It begins to explain why people feel increasingly gloomy despite official claims of economic progress and growth. In Islam, the economic problem is focused on distributing the means of satisfaction for individuals i. e. the distribution of the funds and benefits to the members of the nation or people, not on the needs which the nation or the people require without having any regard to every individual within the nation. In other words, the problem is the poverty which occurs to the individual not the poverty which occurs to the nation. The concern of the Islamic economic system is focused predominantly on satisfying the basic needs of every individual, not the study of producing economic commodity. Islam makes the subject of study, the basic human needs of man, as a human being, and the study of distributing the wealth to the members of society to guarantee the satisfaction of all their basic needs. Unlike capitalism it is aware that the treatment of the poverty of a country, through raising the level of production, does not solve the problem of poverty for individuals. Rather, Islam advocates the treatment of the poverty problems of all the individuals, and the distribution of the wealth of the country among them by addressing their basic needs first, thus motivating all the people of the country to work in increasing the national income. How to cite GDP – A Gross Deception, Papers

Memory Understanding Consciousness

Memory is regarded as the most complex phenomenon in the natural world of living organisms. It has been scientifically established that all organisms have very complex mental processes which help them interact with their respective environments (Schacter, 2002). Most researchers have been more concerned with understanding the concept of memory in human beings. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Memory: Understanding Consciousness specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The human brain is adapted and reorganized by the day to day experiences. Continued interactions with the physical world through the sensory experiences, perceptions, and actions play a central role in shaping and changing the state of the brain (Thompson Madigan, 2007). These experiences will later determine what an individual would be able to recall, perceive, comprehend, and become. The essay seeks to discuss memory in terms of the processes occurring in the brain as far as memory is concerned. It will then analyze one of the existing models of memory as well as discuss some ways of enhancing memory. Researchers have made attempts to provide a comprehensive definition of the complex term of memory. Psychologists have defined memory in human beings as the ability to store, be able to retain for sometime, and recall the stored information, depending on individual’s experiences (Kandel Squire, 2006). Memory has also been investigated long time ago by the philosophy investigators. Towards the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw the rise in research into memory under cognitive psychology. Modern studies into memory are mainly conducted under cognitive neuroscience which is an inter-link between neuroscience and cognitive psychology. Most of these researchers are also interested in understanding the relationship between memory and the mind. The information that is received from the environment can be classified into three main stages in storing and recalling the information. First, there is the registration otherwise known as encoding of information. It involves the reception, processing and the synthesis of the information received (Thompson Madigan, 2007). The second stage involves the total retention of the encoded information. The last stage is the recollection or retrieval of stored information through bringing them back to conscience. Information storage process has three major levels relative to the time that has elapsed after the perception of some phenomena (Schacter, 2002). The first category of memory is the sensory memory which includes all information received within about 200 or 500 milliseconds after the perception of a given item. It involves to ability to recall most if not all the details of an item after being exposed to. The display cannot last longer than 100 milliseconds. Sensory memory cannot allow pro-longed rehearsal.Advertising Looking for ess ay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The second process of recollection is the short-term memory whose recall duration is several seconds to about a minute without necessarily rehearsing. This memory has considerably small capacity that can hold limited information (Schacter, 2002). It can store up to about 5 or 9 items. Modern researchers estimate the capacity of the short-term memory at even lower levels of between 4 and 5 items. However, the capacity of the memory can always be enhanced through the chunking process. It is a process of grouping information data into smaller groups with a pattern that is easier to follow. Most psychological researchers have established that acoustic coding is most convenient way of storing information compared to the visual coding. Research findings reveal that it is much difficult to recall vast amount of information with acoustic similarity. The ability to recall, however, depends greatly on individuals’ capabilities. The third level of information storage is the long-term memory. In the first two cases, information available for recollection is available for a limited period of time implying that the information is not indefinitely available (Thompson Madigan, 2007). On the contrary, long-term memory can retain numerous quantities of information for a considerably longer period of time. It can even be for a life time. This is mostly due to its nearly infinite capacity. For instance, one may recall a ten digit number within some short period of time then forget implying that it had been stored in the short-term memory. However, we can recall the same number for a number of years through constant rehearsal; this implies that the information has been stored in the long-term memory. The most distinguishing characteristic between long-term and short-term memories is the system of encoding. It has been found that whereas short-term memory encodes data ac oustically, the long-term memory, on the other hand encodes information semantically. Researchers hold that it is more difficult to recall information with similar meanings, for instance, words with similar definitions like large, huge, big, and great. In their quest to understand the complexity of the concept of memory, scientists have developed models of memory. These models provide representations that are always abstract with an aim of depicting how the memory operates (Thompson Madigan, 2007). One of them is the working memory model which focuses on the short-term memory and the active components. According Baddeley and Hitch, the proponents of this model, the working memory model has three stores: the central executive, the phonological loop, and the visuo-spatial sketchpad (Thompson Madigan, 2007).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Memory: Understanding Consciousness specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The central executive has been regarded as acting as attention. All information is channeled from this store to three other components: these are the phonological loop, the visuo-spatial sketchpad as well as the episodic buffer which was incorporated into this model in the year 2000 (Kandel Squire, 2006). Auditory information is stored in the phonological loop through silent rehearsal of words or sounds in clear continuous loop. On the other hand, visuo-spatial sketchpad is modeled to store spatial as well as visual information. This component is used when dealing with spatial undertakings like distance estimation or the visual tasks like counting floors of tall buildings or image imagination (Thompson Madigan, 2007). Furthermore, episodic buffer concentrates on integrating information from all the other components. This can best be illustrated by the ability to call the flow of a movie or a given story in a chronological order. This component process is mostly linked to the long-ter m memory as well as the semantic meaning of given information. Some methods of enhancing the memory have been proposed. Psychologists have proposed some reliable techniques of improving memory (Schacter, 2002). These include the incorporation of memory tasks into the day to day practices which include; strive to reduce stress, use of mnemonics, and maintaining a healthy body. The principles used in mnemonics include; imagination, association and location. The essay has elaborated the concept of memory, particularly as used in psychology. The working memory model has been discussed as an attempt by psychologists to explain how memory operates. Some of the methods that can be used to improve memory ability have been mentioned. References Kandel, E. R. Squire L. R. (2006). The journals of gerontology and memory: Psychological sciences and social sciences. Gerontological Society of America. 30 (12) 231-78Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Schacter, D. L. (2002). The memory facts: how the mind forgets and remembers. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Thompson, R. F. Madigan, S. A. (2007). Memory: Understanding consciousness. Princeton University Press. This essay on Memory: Understanding Consciousness was written and submitted by user Madelyn F. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.