Brick and Mortar vs. Online Education Essay Sample free essay sample

If it were 1998. a student’s options for geting a Bachelor’s grade from a regionally accredited college or university typically would be limited to attendance at a traditional brick and howitzer establishment. This allowed for direct face-to-face interaction with similar like-minded pupils and module. The idea of an option which allowed pupils to non sit in category was and continues to be controversial. â€Å"Online instruction has become a hot subject late. with more and more establishments desiring to spread out offerings. And that makes surveies of the quality of on-line instruction of import — and controversial. † ( Wojciechowska ) The arguments weigh in on both pros and cons to online acquisition. One of the many subtopics of this argument is the deficiency of societal accomplishment development and interactions found in on-line acquisition environments. I feel that due to the limited chances for face-to-face interactions between an teacher and their pupils. distance instruction has brought many new challenges to the instruction and acquisition procedure. We will write a custom essay sample on Brick and Mortar vs. Online Education Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Wang and Newlin ( 137-143 ) point out that small is known about the features of pupils in distance instruction classs. As a consequence. effectual course of study design is hindered by the deficiency of apprehension of the features. attitudes. and demands of the pupils in these classs ( Wang and Newlin. 140 ) . The deficiency of apprehension of the demands of online acquisition will necessarily impact knowledge. but other countries. such as societal accomplishment development. I do believe that due to economic issues non issues of physical propinquity. this is besides a challenge for traditional brick and howitzer universities as their grosss lessening and pupil Numberss in specific schoolrooms addition. â€Å"When registration Numberss swell in classs. pupils experience less direct single contact with module. and many module members perceive that the quality of instruction diminutions as they have less interaction with pupils and a limited ability to prosecute with single acquisition demands. † ( Martin. Perkowski. A ; Taft. 181 ) . It is rather safe to province that the ability to interact with module is of import to the academic advancement of pupils matriculating at establishments of higher instruction. We can non bury that there is a batch more to derive from a college experience than academic enrichment. One will besides develop several â€Å"soft skills† every bit good. These pupil development accomplishments are the preparation foundation for subsequent professional development upon attainment of their chosen calling. Harmonizing to Dictionary. Com. an on-line grade is â€Å"a college grade earned chiefly or wholly by taking on-line classs. † This definition is limited as to the current province of offerings to include academic grades. certifications and in some provinces a high school sheepskin that can be earned chiefly or wholly via an Internet-connected computing machine. alternatively of physically go toing college categories on a traditional campus scene. Online instruction affords persons that may hold physical or geographical restrictions. be in full clip work capacities or military service with the chance to obtain an commissioned instruction. Harmonizing to Dictionary. Com. societal accomplishments are â€Å"the personal accomplishments needed for successful societal communicating and interaction. † We must observe that the importance of these accomplishments is that they impact an single across their lifetime. The predominating societal accomplishments of one’s immediate environment or community will emulate the greater society’s societal regulations. It is through repeated experience and exposure that these accomplishments are created. The judgements of an individual’s behaviours are straight related to the accepted societal regulations of their organisations and communities. There is important perennial exposure to both accepted and unacceptable societal regulations on college campus. Several methods can be used to learn. theoretical account and train these regulations in both verbal and gestural agencies. This one facet of educating in an on-line environment proves to be one of challenge for on-line educational platforms to guarantee the well-roundedness of their students’ development. â€Å"Research findings on instruction strongly back up the effectivity of the on-line medium for cognitive acquisition. In comparing. surveies on the acquisition of â€Å"so ft skills† ( e. g. . developing accomplishments in communicating. leading. empathy. interpersonal relationships. or socialisation into a profession ) are few and suggest assorted efficaciousness through on-line media. ( Martin. Perkowski. A ; Taft. 181 ) . Online larning communities are non for everyone and since they lack a constituent crucial to the development of interpersonal and intrapersonal accomplishments: socialisation. The development of these accomplishments is of import and is expected to reassign to the student’s life after finishing their postsecondary educational chases. Depending on one’s calling way. the deficiency of societal accomplishments can be prohibitory to publicities and obtaining employment in more societal sections of one’s company. â€Å"Professional behavior. or behaviours that are desirable and necessary for pattern. are a major concern for pedagogues and practicians. The ability to stand out in academic classs may non needfully interpret into an ability to show ethical and effectual behaviours in the field. † ( Judson. Simmons A ; Tweed. 76 ) It is assumed that if you didn’t understand the professional outlooks of one’s calling pick. so you would’ve learned it while in college. This is typically why many countries of survey such as instruction. behavioural scientific disciplines and concern require an internship or practicum of kinds. In a traditional scene. the internship may be located in close geographic propinquity to the school. so that a module member can interact with the pupil at the topographic point of the internship and receive feedback from the supervision forces. This is non an option when 1 is enrolled in an on-line scene as the possibility for a decreased quality experience may be increased. Frequent. consistent and synergistic feedback between module and oversing staff of the houseman can be cardinal to the successful socialisation of the pupil into their profession. There is a batch of focal point on the results of the higher instruction procedure: graduation. nevertheless. pupils must besides get the accomplishments necessary to turn to the varied societal issues of their several calling Fieldss. Think of the individual that has trained academically via an on-line platform for a calling in gross revenues but has minimal societal accomplishments. It may go rather clear finally that he or she may n ecessitate to seek alternate employment as their deficiency of these accomplishments would significantly impact their ability to develop the necessary relationships that close gross revenues. A nonproductive sales representative will non last long at his company regardless of his class point norm when he was matriculating. Traditional colleges offer their grades via direct in individual schoolroom engagement and on occasion custodies on experience. By taking categories in a traditional scene. a pupil has the ability to talk with professors in individual and straight seek aid if need be. The traditional scene besides allows pupils to hold interaction with fellow schoolmates and take part in survey groups. This puting provides entree to a college library that is typically in one of the edifices on the campus and may non be every bit extended as that of an on-line offering. The advocates of on-line instruction besides feel that the ability to develop the critical acquisition and soft accomplishments is every bit possible in an online acquisition environment. â€Å"The dealingss. the civilization. the stereotypes and the webs developed in the internet and the importance give n to them are echt and reliable. even if they do non take topographic point in face-to-face. existent universe interactions. † ( Giavrimis. Papani A ; Papanis. 54 ) Collaborative acquisition is necessary in constructing one’s ain cognitive procedure. Among group members. if they can non portion their cognition efficaciously. it can take to hapless larning results ( Soller. 2004 ) . In comparing to a traditional category. the distance instruction class did non give the pupils the chances to discourse many issues in the schoolroom every hebdomad. Therefore. the pupils needed to do certain that they finished their work every hebdomad to the best of their independent ability and non fall behind agenda. Since the pupils normally had other things to make. such as work and household. it was easy to stall and make everything at the last minute. This cunctation can take to feelings of overwhelm. isolation and lead to defeat. One of the cardinal constituents of a traditional university is the authorization to go to categories when they are scheduled and there is minimum tolerance for important absences. This provides a built in answerability factor which may be needed for pupils that are now 100 % responsible for their behaviours for the f irst clip in their lives. Besides the chumminess experienced in the traditional schoolroom may non be as apparent in the online acquisition environment. There’s nil more hardening than the corporate moan of 50-100 pupils as the professor changes the deadline for concluding documents. I’m sure the reaction is the same in the online acquisition environment. but you may be inclined to ab initio believe that you are the lone one feeling that manner. The sound made in the traditional schoolroom clearly lets you know that you are non entirely is your daze of the state of affairs. Although differences exist in the schoolroom. the reaction congeals the bonds between the pupils against the teacher. Colleges across the Earth are vehemently advancing the offering of online classs. Most late. several major universities in the United States have developed a web to offer free online classs. These classs are non for recognition. but can acclimatize a scholar to both the university and the universe of on-line direction. Many colleges that have promoted online classs are making so in order to cut down the impact of the economically fuel ed enrollment diminution. When one sees such traditional establishments such as Massachusetts Institute of Technology offering on-line classs. one can deduce that these classs are comparable in quality. resource handiness and outlooks as those provided on a traditional campus. The establishments are stating scholars. â€Å"we want you and we are seeking to be flexible. † It must once more be noted that alterations in available platforms and support have transformed the manner online acquisition is being implemented. Local university. George Washington University strives to offer pupils the same academic experiences. resources and entree to faculty as traditional pupils on campus. This is important in that one of the old drawbacks to online acquisition was the inability to hold entree and socialisation to the staff. pupils and resources that were available to pupils that were matriculating on campus. It would be assumed that pupils that are on campus can entree other pupils for collaborative acquisition and socialisation. module and feedback from a professor easier. Students presence on campus may let for dropping by the professor’s office or seeing them walking across campus or tippytoing into the library to seek out schoolmates that may be r eexamining for the approaching test. This can put up a state of affairs where a pupil may be afforded the chance to hold immediate feedback or aid if needed. Several soft accomplishments can be developed in this scenario such as coaction within a group to build acquisition and the ability to seek solutions that may be out of the kingdom of what the pupil can make separately. Students matriculating via distance instructions plans are encouraged to hold pupil collaborative attempts. communicate with module members and go involved with the schools resources. but this may be prohibited by the initial demands that caused them to go on-line scholars. Their ability to have and profit from academic and societal interactions. such as survey groups. athletic nines and societal groups may be reduced because of their physical remotion of where the activities are happening on campus. Distance scholars would be required to seek out and set up societal lives of their ain creative activity. agenda entree to campus-based resources and use services that can be accommodated within their agendas and handiness restraints. Connecting with the needful resources may be more hard when 1 is physically non on campus. The entree is possible. but easier when 1 has an full staff or section at one’s disposal to help in making needful resources. Chiefly an on-line plan will offer flexibleness. convenience and educational handiness which are needed constituents for a specific market of pupil. There is a type of pupil that may happen on-line larning more appealing than attending at a traditional brick and howitzer establishment. Traditional college pupils are on mean 18-21 old ages old with a new sense of freedom as for many this is the first clip they are populating independently of their household of beginning. Historically on-line classs were being taken by older grownups that were working fulltime with households. The kineticss of online scholars are altering and a new younger group of pupils are inscribing to take these academic offerings. â€Å"Educators. research workers. and policymakers continue to reason for updated acquisition and schooling theoretical accounts and the increased usage of new and emerging electronic acquisition engineerings ( e-learning ) that can break prepare pupils for an progressively planetary. altering. and complex universe. Lags between real-world and educational utilizations of engineering and deficiency of entree to new engineerings continue to blight pedagogues. † ( McCombs. 1582 ) Historically online acquisition has removed geographical barriers to accessing instruction to increasing planetary handiness of choice instruction. Recent research now focuses on the geographical demographic to one that scholars are close in propinquity to the university that is offering the class. Socialization needs and accessing resources may be a factor in this new paradigm displacement. â€Å"Through its multiplicity the Internet constitutes likely the best manner for accessing amusement. acquisition and information. every bit good as for set uping socialisation procedures and communicating among people. † ( Giavrimis. Papani A ; Papanis. 54 ) The Internet besides offers namelessness of true ego and those that are besides take parting in the schoolroom. This namelessness takes off the ability to â€Å"l ook them in the eye† to see a response of truth or concern. One of the critical communicating accomplishments that can non be developed via online is the ability to construe non-verbal communicating. Not merely can they develop a separate online individuality. so can the module member and other pupils. There is no manner to estimate the gestural communicating that one would hold been able to construe had the interaction been handled face-to-face. â€Å"Despite the complexness of the multimedia environment of a game. an cyberspace community. a group treatment or confab and despite the complexness of the artworks. what is being drastically changed is the non-verbal communicating. the linguistic communication of the organic structure. † ( Giavrimis. Papani A ; Papanis. 55 ) In an online acquisition environment. the communicating accent is chiefly given on written duologue and one’s cognitive ability to encode and decrypt the message. A person’s ability to decently read the gestural cues being sent. are indispensable to effectual communicating. We may frequently larn more from an individual’s organic structure linguistic communication than from their spoken or written reply. This constituent is absent in larning via the on-line platform. Prior to come ining one’s first employment. the niceties of corporate civilization and the importance of gestural communicating must non be underemphasized. Nonverbal communicating has an of import function to play in existent life. As stated before. online acquisition and traditional environments are non for everyone. The differences for inscribing in a college do vary with age and necessity. Older grownups frequently enroll to gain grades for calling promotion or extra accomplishments or personal development. The key here is extra and promotion. This age group is assumed to be heightening accomplishments that they already possess. non merely larning. The younger pupils frequently enroll due to parental and community outlooks and to hold the â€Å"college experience. † It is more likely that the new on-line pupil paradigm will seek out the interaction of the on campus resources therefore making their ain â€Å"blended† plan. Most traditional universities that of fer on-line classs have yet to give staff and/or sections to suit these socialisation demands. These older grownups are non traveling for the societal experience ; they are traveling to concentrate on finishing an educational or skill end. Stated otherwise. â€Å"Distance instruction can be seen to be germinating from an basically modernist ( bureaucratic or Fordist ) signifier of instruction into a post-modernist phenomenon with a focal point on the pupil as consumer. on flexibleness and planetary reach† ( Rumble. 2001. p. 31 ) . With this passage. there is besides a displacement toward increased handiness for those who are disabled. â€Å"Many feel that eLearning holds great promise†¦for scholars with physical and mental challenges† ( Frydenberg. 2002. p. 7 ) . A college campus is filled with societal activities that are exciting to a pupil that has non experienced the independency before. If the pupil lives on campus. ma and dada will non be available to state the pupil when to go to category. survey or party. Some pupils forget why they are at the university as they become so entangled in the societal life of the college campus. They have non learned the balance of the two. This will be an of imp ort accomplishment to larn as they move towards a calling and fiscal independency and duty. It is one that can be learned at a traditional university scene. non online where it is expected that you can already manage independency and have prioritization accomplishments. Older grownups may hold households and or full clip occupations and an already established societal life so there is no demand to make one on a campus puting. Their ability and desire to interact with their schoolmates may be limited or nonexistent as they would be adding an extra societal outlook to their already feverish lives. For an older grownup scholar. they may go dismayed at the idea of holding group work in an on-line class. where the younger scholar can profit from the chance to tackle the wisdom and experience of interaction with a seasoned professional. This can be both positive and negative. Online. the younger pupil may experience isolated in that they do non hold the experience of their schoolmates. may necessitate more frequent aid to understand the stuff and feel secluded because of the diff erences of age. experience and demands. Once stray. the success of this pupil can be at hazard. Most working grownup pupils have the adulthood and ability to be responsible towards their surveies when found in the online environments. Many have learned this from old ages of independency. The pupil that is fresh from high school and their parents’ place. have non needfully developed the societal accomplishments needed to pass on demands. wants and desires. If the pupil does non develop these accomplishments. so their ability to be a â€Å"team player† in the work environment can be impacted or at worst impeded. Travel on any college campus. particularly big traditional universities. on a Friday dark or even the dark of the game of their biggest competition. and you will see socialisation in action. Regardless of major. categorization or credits earned. the chumminess that is displayed exceeds boundaries of race. credo or fundss. This one accomplishment entirely. puting aside one’s differences is traveling to be highly of import as they move frontward in today’s planetary work force. They may necessitate to be able to set aside differences in order to work with a co-worker that is half-way across the Earth on a undertaking that they must fin ish. A traditional university is where pupils can larn such accomplishments. Students at traditional universities portion laughs. letdowns and frequently sentiments of the module and the schoolmates. Each pupil in the college has the end in head of being awarded that degree so they can state that separately and collaboratively they made it. Many nightlong survey Sessionss have taken topographic point during concluding semester senior twelvemonth so that the last measure of class completion is successfully achieved. Since you don’t want any your group to non do it. you are more likely to offer support and encouragement that may non be available to those go toing the same category in an on-line version. The esteem and blessing of one’s equals can be merely what a pupil needs to maintain traveling until they get it. This besides may non be accessible with on-line acquisition. Though the grounds for go toing college may change. the way can be merely as varied. Online larning makes it convenient. low-cost and flexible for a assortment of scholars. There are cardinal constituents of socialisation accomplishments that are learned in a traditional scene and may be absent from the on-line offerings. One must measure their educational and societal demands when sing the best way of matriculation. College continues to be a postsecondary preparation environment which should give information and accomplishments that are able to be utilized in one’s calling and personal life. There is no 1 set means though of geting these accomplishments. The popularity of online acquisition is increasing at a really rapid gait and will go on to make such because the decreased barriers for accessing these frequently strict plan. but there is no replacement for the human contact found in traditional acquisition environments. Plants Cited Ariza. E. L. . A ; M. R. ( 2000 ) . Uniting instructors to encompass twenty-first Century engineering: A critical mass in a cohort of co-workers. T. H. E. Journal. 27 ( 10 ) . 23-30. Bertram. B. ( 1999 ) . Education online: Learning anyplace. any clip. Journal of Adolescent A ; Adult Literacy. 42 ( 8 ) . 662-665. Buboltz. W. . Wilkinson. L. . Thomas. A. . A ; Jenkins. S. ( 2001. April ) . Learner Styles and Potential Relations to Distance Education. Paper presented at the 12th International SITE Conference ( AACE ) . Orlando. FL. Cann. A. J. ( 1999 ) . Approaches to the rating of online acquisition stuffs. Inventions in Education and Training International. 36. 44-52. Clarke. A. ( 2002 ) . Online acquisition and societal exclusion. Leicester. United kingdom: National Institute of Adult Continuing Education. Digilio. A. H. ( 1998 ) . Web-based direction adjusts to the single demands of grownup scholars. Journal of Instruction Delivery Systems. 12 ( 4 ) . 26-28. Frydenberg. J. ( October 2002 ) . Quality criterions in eLearning: A matrix of analysis. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning. Athabasca University. Giavrimis. Panagiotos. Eirini-Myrsini Papani. and Efstratios Papanis. â€Å"The Contribution of the Internet into Learning. † Review of European Studies June 2010 2. 1 ( 2010 ) : 54-60. Web. 5 Aug. 2012. Judson. Kim. Brian Simmons. and Martha Tweed. â€Å"The Passage from Student toProfessional: A Model for Outcome Driven Field Placements. † Journal of Human Services Fall 2010 30. 1 ( 2010 ) : 76-80. Web. 5 Aug. 2012. Martin. Lorene S. . Tracy Perkowski. and Susan H. Taft. â€Å"A Framework for Evaluating Class Size in Online Education. † Quarterly Review of Distance Education Fall 2011 12. 3 ( 2011 ) : 181. Academic One File. Web. 5 Aug. 2012. Mccombs. B. L. . A ; Vakili. D. ( 2005 ) . A learner-centered model for e-learning. Teachers College Record. 107 ( 8 ) . 1582-1600. O’Fathaigh. M. ( 2002 ) . E-learning and entree: Some issues and deductions. UACE Conference. University of Bath. 2002. Web. Retrieved July 15. 2012. from lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. ucc. ed/ucc/depts/ace/e-learning. pdf gt ; â€Å"online grade. † Dictionary. com’s twenty-first Century Lexicon. Dictionary. com. LLC. 05 Aug. 2012. Dictionary. com hypertext transfer protocol: //dictionary. mention. com/browse/online grade. Rumble. G. ( 2001 ) Re-inventing distance instruction. 1971-2001. International Journal of Lifelong Education. 20 ( 1/2 ) : 31-43 â€Å"social accomplishments. † Dictionary. com’s twenty-first Century Lexicon. Dictionary. com. LLC. 05 Aug. 2012. Dictionary. com hypertext transfer protocol: //dictionary. mention. com/browse/social accomplishments. Sherry. L. ( 1996 ) . Issues in distance acquisition. International Journal of Educational Telecommunications. 1 ( 4 ) . 337-365. Web. Retrieved July 15. 2012. Soller. A. ( 2004 ) . Understanding knowledge-sharing dislocations: a meeting of the quantitative and qualitative heads. Journal of computing machine assisted acquisition. 20. 212-223. Wang. A. A ; Newlin. M. ( 2000 ) . Features of pupils who enroll and win in psychological science web-based categories. Journal of educational psychological science.92. 1. 137-143. Wojciechowska. Iza. â€Å"Continuing Argument Over Online Education. † Inside Higher Ed. Inside Higher Ed. July 16. 2010. Web. 5 Aug 2012. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. insidehighered. com/news/2010/07/16/online.

Second Chances for High School Dropouts

Second Chances for High School Dropouts Just because your child dropped out of high school doesnt mean his life is over. In fact, 75 percent of high school dropouts eventually finish. Finding the time and motivation to get a GED program completed can be complicated by real-life responsibilities and issues. Dont let those obstacles stop your young adult from completing his high school education. Here are  ways your high school dropout can earn his diploma or a GED.   What Is a GED? Anyone 16 or older who hasnt earned a high school diploma may take the GED tests. There are 5 subject area tests to take to pass the GED: Language Arts/Writing, Language Arts/Reading, Social Studies, Science, and Mathematics. The GED tests are available in Spanish, French, large print, audiocassette and Braille, in addition to English. Fortunately, many government institutions and universities consider the GED just as they would a high school diploma in regards to admissions and qualifications.   Community College: Most community colleges offer programs to help students complete their high school diplomas and/or earn a GED. Some of these classes are offered on community college campuses, while others are held at night on high school grounds. Call your local community college for details. Many community colleges now offer online programs as well.Adult Education Programs: Most adult ed programs offer courses to help students prepare for the GED. Adult ed schools are typically run by high school districts, community colleges or a collaboration between the two, with funding provided by the state. Call your local adult education school for information.Gateway to College: Founded in 2000 by Oregons Portland Community College, this program bridges the gap for students ages 16-21 who have dropped out of high school but want to finish their coursework and go to college. Gateways program, which combines high school and college coursework, is available on 27 community college campuses i n 16 states, and the Bill Melinda Gates Foundation is using it as a model for part of the foundations Early College High School efforts. For details, visit the Gateway to College website. YouthBuild: This 20-year-old program for high school dropouts ages 16-24 from low-income families, combines community service, vocational training, and leadership skills with a GED program. Students, many of whom have been in the foster care or juvenile justice systems, divide their days between high school and GED prep classes and projects building or renovating homes for low-income families. Kids participate in a 30-hour per week program that also offers job training, helping them to find work that will facilitate the start of their careers while building their communities as well. The program began in 1990 in New York City and has grown to include 273 YouthBuild programs in 45 states. This, too, is supported by the Gates Foundation. For more information, visit the YouthBuild site.National Guard Youth ChalleGNe Academy: For 16- to 18-year-olds, Sunburst Youth Academy gives kids a chance to turn their lives around. The program is run by the National Guard, and there are 35 Youth Cha lleNGe Academies around the U.S., an outgrowth of the  Congressional mandate in 1993 to deal with the countrys high school dropout crisis. Therapeutic Boarding Schools: Programs at these schools help troubled teens identify the underlying cause of their issues. Various approaches combine academics and psychotherapy so teens can better understand and control their actions and behaviors. With insight and oversight from professionals, teens can begin to modify their behavior, stop acting out, and get back on a path to pursue their high school diploma. While some therapeutic schools can be unaffordable to many,  local school districts and some insurance plans can help offset the costs.Online Programs: For those students who have challenges with either time or location - for example, a parent who works full time or an ill homebound young adult - online GED programs are a great option. Most programs will allow students to access classwork, tests and more on their own schedule, giving them the flexibility to keep working or managing their health problems. Online GED programs, for the most part, should not be confused with homeschooling - they are specifically designed for online learning.

Directors liabilities and duties Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

Directors liabilities and duties - Essay Example The liability of the directors for statements in reports has also been covered in the new regime. The objective of this study is to bring out the salient aspects of liabilities and duties of the directors as set out in the current regime of Company Law legislation. The objective of this chapter is to present an overview of the topic chosen for study as well as the aims and objectives of the research. The chapter also details the structure of the paper to have a comprehensive understanding of the text of the report. However it is not possible to limit the functions of the company only to the above as there are number of other areas to which the scope and application of the company law legislation can extend. Moreover these functions as well as any other functions have associated costs and benefits. Hence it can be stated that the role of the company law is to maximize the benefits while minimizing the costs of implementation of the various provisions. It is also necessary that these key policy choices are examined within the context of the relationships that might be formulated between the various parties with which the company law legislation deals with. Illustrations of these

Global Implications for Your Profession Fashion Industry Assignment

Global Implications for Your Profession Fashion Industry - Assignment Example The paper "Global Implications for Your Profession Fashion Industry" analyzes Implications of the Corporate Power Global Trends to the Fashion Industry. Consequently, global culture, world economy, and individual lifestyles continually take on new shapes aws the world opens up to trade. The fashion industry is among the many areas that have experienced these dramatic changes as corporate companies compete to produce and market new fashions and clothing to meet the demands of global customers. Corporate power has greatly influenced the fashion industry in terms of variety within locations, uniformity across borders, environmental, and labor concerns.As corporate organizations advertize their fashion goods in magazines, films, and other media channels, a global style evolves now and then across different cultures and borders (Rabine para 2). For example, athletic shoes, T-shirts, blue jeans, and baseball caps find their way to the remotest villages in Africa. African, Asian, and Wester n fashion copy each other in designing their clothing. Almost every large shopping mall around the world is now housing all the styles. Every consumer can be sure to get his or her taste regardless of gender, age, ethnicity, subculture, and profession. Rabine says that customers in dominating Western countries have come to perceive globalization as an abundance of fashions that giant retailers sell. The retailers upgrade inventory and conduct transnational trades at the click of a button or a key.

Long Distance Trade for the Roman and Han Empires Essay

Long Distance Trade for the Roman and Han Empires - Essay Example The much famous Silk Road route was properly established during the Han Dynasty (Duiker & Spielvogel, 2014, p. 133). The continually soaring demand for silk from the Roman Empire did intensify the commercial traffic in Central Asia. The Roma traders sailed as far as the Western ports of India to purchase the Chinese silk (Duiker & Spielvogel, 2014, p. 118). When the Han Empire conquered the territories in Southwest China, this did give impetus to the long distance trade extending as far as Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean (Duiker & Spielvogel, 2014, 135). There existed much demand for the silk and gold produced by the Han Empire. Going by the commercial importance and power of the Han Empire, the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius did send a trade mission to China to bolster the trade relations between the two Empires (Duiker & Spielvogel, 2014). The Han merchants also carried silk as far as to India and traded it for the Indian spices, gems, gold, silver, cotton, perfumes, incense, pe arls, and any array of other commodities. Long distance trade did play a major role in strengthening the Han Empire and enhancing its prosperity and affluence. The Roman Empire happened to be a big source of goods that were manufactured and mined along the Mediterranean Basin. To carry on the trade with Central Asia and Europe, the Romans built and extensive network of roads which gave an impetus to the long distance trade in the Roman Empire (McNeill & McNeill, 2003, p. 114). The Romans were also good at drafting detailed maps which happened t o be quiet accurate. The ingenuity of Roman business acumen could be noticed by the fact that the Romans did make efforts to connect the road networks with the important sea routes in their domain to assure smooth and hassle free trade (McNeill & McNeill, 2003). The Silk Road happened to be an important bridge that connected the Han and the Roman Empire.

Communication Between People In Health And Social Care

Communication Between People In Health And Social Care You are attending your local G.P surgery for examinations as you have been unwell lately. The receptionist asks you loudly the reason for attending; other patients can hear you being asked. You explain to reception staff that you are slightly deaf. She asked you to use the computer screen in the waiting area to indicate that you have arrived. You explain to her that your English is limited and that you have no previous experience in using computers. You felt that the receptionist did not listen to you and that she was not sensitive to your concerns. Explore communication between people in health and social care by: Applying relevant theories of communication to health and social care contexts. Review the application of a range of communication techniques for different purposes used in health and social care work. Discuss the ways in which communication influences how individuals feel about themselves. Describe ways of dealing with inappropriate interpersonal communication between individuals. Analyze the use of techniques and strategies for supporting communication between people with specific communication needs. Evaluate workplace strategies, policies and procedures for good practice in communication. People communicate to have good abundance and it is a method to pass one information to another individual. Communication between people in health and social care plays a big role in caring the service provider or the patient. To employ compatible basis of communication to health and social care in the said scenario, we must first look into the individuals that are involved in the scenario. The patient, is slightly deaf, knowledge deficit in using IT machines in the hospital such as computer, and inarticulate in speaking English. On the other hand, the receptionist is arrogant, assuming, domineering, presumptuous and disrespectful. We have four theories of communication and they are all into a cycle. First is Humanistic theory tells us about individualism. Every individual has its own unique personalities and attributes. In a health care setting, as a healthcare provider, we take our patients or service provider as an individual and we should respect them. The patient and the receptionist are the main individuals in the scenario. They have their own personality that is unique to the other one. Behaviorist theory informs us attitudes are achieved by way of conditioning through interaction with other individ uals. In other words, when an individual interacts with another individual, one personality or behavior is presented or acquainted to another personality. The scene when the receptionist interacted with the patient portrays how behaviorist theory works in the communication. Cognitive theory is established on the ideas or principles of another individual and learns from them, thus the human thought processes understanding ones personality. The humanistic theory explain to us that an individuals personality is different to another personality of another individual and behaviorist theory is about interaction of individuals, the cognitive theory on the other hand, it expound us how individual start not only to interact but understand and accept another personality of an individual. The receptionist just ignored the patient when the she explained her side in the scenario. Ignoring another individual such as the patient in the scenario is also included in cognitive theory, though the rece ptionist did understand the side of the patient, the receptionist decided to ignore the patients side. Cognitive theory does not only understand ones side of individual, but its also about accepting ones personality or behavior to your thought. In short, the act of accepting and understanding ones personality of an individual in an interaction is cognitive theory. Lastly is the psychoanalytical theory. It explains us the role of unconscious mind. A personality that an individual portrays in an interaction is not what you thought the real personality of that individual. Sometimes, we judge them on what we see or hear on the outer appearance. We can only see its appearance and process it to our thoughts in an interaction, but we do not know its real personality inside of it. In the scenario, the receptionist judged the patients personality when she asked the patient loudly the reason for attending and when she instructed the patient to use the computer screen to indicate that she arri ved already. Communication has ranges of techniques to communicate in health and social care work. In the scenario there are scenes that explain us how techniques of communication are used. When the receptionist asked the patient loudly, the technique of communication used in this scene is verbal communication which is asking question and non-verbal which is the pitch, speed, accent, and tone of the receptionist while asking the patient. Another scene is when the patient explains that she would like to discuss the reasons to the doctor and that you she is slightly deaf. The technique used here is verbal communication which is reflecting back to the question. The receptionist then told the patient to use the computer screen to indicate there that she arrived already, its verbal technique which is giving instructions. Lastly is when the patient felt that the receptionist did not listen to her, its body language technique that is portrayed by the receptionist. Initiating communication to another individual is a stage where two individuals try to open a bridge of relationship. In addition, you dont just open bridges to them but you are trying to influence them too. There are two communication influences; interpersonal communication is unmediated communication that opens mutual influence to each other. Usually this type of influence manages to open relationships and mutual understanding. In the scenario, only the patient initiate this kind of communication influence, when the patient is humbly explaining herself to the receptionist, the receptionist impersonally approach the patient by just giving instruction and ignored her after. Impersonal communication is an influence conversely to interpersonal, the individual only interacts to another individual superficially. In the scenario, the patient is trying to open an interpersonal communication to the receptionist, while the receptionist is impersonal communication. In social penetration model by Altman and Taylor, they said the more time we spend with others, the more likely we are to self-disclose more intimate thought and details of our life. As relationships develop, communication moves from relatively shallow, no intimate levels to deeper, more personal ones. When the receptionists approach the patient aggressively, the patient expresses her inabilities to the receptionist. Its intimate thoughts and details of her life are revealed like inadequate knowledge in using computers and influent in speaking English. On the other hand, Johari window explains us also the process of human interaction. It divides our personal awareness. The process of giving and receiving feedback is one of the most important concepts in training. Through the feedback process, we see ourselves as others see us. Through feedback, other people also learn how we see them. Feedbacks give information to a person or group either by verbal or nonverbal communication. The information you give tells ot hers how their behavior affects you, how you feel, and what you perceive (feedback and self-disclosure). Feedback is also a reaction by others, usually in terms of their feelings and perceptions, telling you how your behavior affects them (receiving feedback). It has four sides namely, free, blind, hidden and the unknown. In free area includes, the patients information known to herself and to others such as the receptionist. Blind area means, informations known only to other individuals excluding the patient. The hidden area is about information known only to the patient. And lastly, the unknown area which is the information is not known to any individuals even the patient. In dealing inappropriate interpersonal communication between individuals, we must look back at the receptionists behaviors towards the patient. In order to avoid such communication, the receptionist must stay focused. In the scenario, the receptionist did not focus her attention to the deaf patient that in fact the deaf patient must have special attention with the receptionist. Another one is listening carefully; the receptionist did not listen to the patients inabilities and instead she ignored the patient. Some individual need specific communication like deaf service user. These various types of communication supports and help communication efficiently between service users and service provider. SOLER technique helps to improve reception of message. Its said that when youre interacting with the service users you have to be directly and firmly to the patient. If the receptionist is directly and firmly to the patients concerns, she can provide the patients needs appropriately. Open position, lean, eye contact and relax are the other techniques in SOLER. There are also tips to communicate successfully to service users such as our patient in the scenario, since the patient sis slightly deaf, the receptionist should not shout and should speak slowly towards the patient. But in the scenario, the receptionist failed to apply this tip. In workplace, there are policies and strategies that are implemented for good communication, such as keeping confidentiality of the patient, disciplinary proced ures, equal opportunities, flexible working and policy on performance management. In my opinion, in the scenario, it seems they lacked this strategies and policies. A good practice is achieved with good policies and strategies. Care and support providers have a legal responsibility to fulfill their duty of care. Within direct support services there are regulatory bodies that can  act on any shortfalls identified in the services people receive. If they implement such tips, they will progress and service is efficiently provided to the service users. 1380 words Question 2 Scenario: You are attending your local G.P surgery for examinations as you have been unwell lately. The receptionist asks you loudly the reason for attending; other patients can hear you being asked. You explain to reception staff that you are slightly deaf. She asked you to use the computer screen in the waiting area to indicate that you have arrived. You explain to her that your English is limited and that you have no previous experience in using computers. You felt that the receptionist did not listen to you and that she was not sensitive to your concerns. Describe physical, cultural and legal influences on communication in health and social care by: Analyse how methods of communication are influenced by individual values culture and ability. Describe legislation and charters governing the rights of individuals to communicate Discuss the implications in health and social care contexts of legislation and codes of practice relating to records and communication of information about people. Analyse the effectiveness of organizational systems policies in relation to good practice in communication. Suggest and justify ways of improving communication systems in a health or care setting. Values are the principles, standards, or quality which guides human actions in daily life. Values and cultures play a big role in health and social care. Without values, individuals will pursue behaviors of their own. Values are rules by which we make decisions about right or wrong. In health and social care there are policies that are being implemented to achieve three main points; equality and diversity; confidentiality; right and responsibilities; and professional ethics. When individuals start to interact, the body language, facial expressions, and choice of words influence the whole context of the message. All these verbal and non-verbal cues are brought by the individuals personality like social class, beliefs, values, education, and culture. In the scenario where the patient visits a General practitioner surgery and a female receptionist asks her loudly the reason of attending, it could be a sign of her personality. Maybe she grew up in a family that are always arguing and she brought it up. Also, clearly the patients ethnicity, culture, and education play a role in the scenario where she said she is not fluent in speaking in English. The patient as an individual from a different background, the way she communicate to the receptionist is greatly affected. In addition to that, in a scenario where the patient said she has no previous experience in using a computer and it is hard for the patient to make use of the information communication technology which is the use of computer screen to indicate her arrival. In this situation, every healthcare setting has set values, morals, and ethics that will guide the behavior of the employees. This enables the employees to practice according to what has been agreed upon by the management and the organization that supports to avoid them to stand to their personal stand in handling patients that will cause misunderstandings. The legislation and charters governing the rights of individuals to communicate, is for those people who have difficulty communicating and receiving and understanding verbal and written communication. Its principles are in promoting anti-discriminatory practices, independence and safety, protecting people from abuse, individualized holistic care, and keeping confidentiality. Many people who have a communication disability do not get the resources, support and understanding they need to enable them to communicate. Because of this they are deprived of appropriate health and social services, opportunities for education and training, and employment. They are also vulnerable, at risk of abuse. Nor can they enjoy the social interaction, leisure pursuits, and the business of everyday life. In the scenario, the patient is clearly indeed need specific communication because she told the receptionist that she is slightly deaf. As a receptionist, I know that there are guidelines in communicating this kind of service users because it is present in every health care setting. The receptionist in the scenario should act the appropriate measures to communicate efficiently to the patient. We are promoting equality, diversity and rights of the patient. In addition, the receptionist did not open an interaction while the patient is trying to do conversations about her concerns and instead she gave directly an instruction to use the computer for indication that she arrived already. The receptionist is not fair to the patient according to the rights of the patient. The implication of these legislation and codes of practices in health and social care contexts is to implement the necessary services needed to those individual who have adversity in interacting or communicating another individual. Each individual including those with communication impairment or disabilities are accredited and free to exercise their own rights. In the legislation and codes of practices the service users must be given information the way they can receive and respond, access to training and support to the patient and his/her family to minimize the impact of the disability and improve interaction skills, enough time to communicate, and access to services. These guidelines will help the flow of system smoothly and efficiently along with appropriate care and procedures, hospital records. In the scenario, if the receptionist practices the principles of the legislations and charters, the way she deals with the patient will be nice and easier. The receptionist must take cons ideration to the patients situation by listening and providing as to what necessary services that patient needs. Patients confidentiality is important in every cases, its a core value in every healthcare setting and its a patients right to keep it with the health care providers that are involved in caring to that patient. Organizations are helping each other to evolve its policies, legislations, charters and systems to improve its effectiveness. They are setting goals to aim effective communication such as interpersonal communication, decision making, and establishing rapport not only to the service users but also to co-service providers. It focuses and promotes positive outcomes for good practices in work places, service provider trainings and development, advocacy, individualism, human rights and confidentiality. In a healthcare setting, the system must practice confidentiality, and patients rights regarding in information such as recording, storing, and relaying information. Only healthcare providers that are involved in caring the patient must share the information. In the scenario the receptionist used a loud voice to ask for the reasons of the patients visit in the General practitioner surgery. In that manner, the receptionist did not follow the health care system because other patients can hear the patient being asked and the patient answered the questions. Privacy and confidentiality of the patient is compromised. Communication is defined as the sending and receiving of messages between people. It contributes a big part from rendering care to the service users to running a health care facility. One misunderstanding in communication may cause big problems and might even cost patients life. There are so many ways to improve communication in healthcare settings especially in our scenario specifically for the special communication needs. By the use of communication tools such as pictures giving instructions or an interpreter and simplified instruction guides. We must provide necessary basic tools or equipment to help them communicate. This tool will help not only us to understand them but likewise to those people who need this kind of communication; it will not only help those people with disabilities or impairments, but also the ones who have language barriers. The administration must set their own assessment too, to monitor the feedback in the whole communication network. In the scenario, it is advisable for the receptionist to have trainings and monthly progress reports by their administration in the access to communication resources so that receptionist will be equipped with the knowledge in assessing if her patient has special communication needs. 1105 words Question 3 Scenario: You are attending your local G.P surgery for examinations as you have been unwell lately. The receptionist asks you loudly the reason for attending; other patients can hear you being asked. You explain to reception staff that you are slightly deaf. She asked you to use the computer screen in the waiting area to indicate that you have arrived. You explain to her that your English is limited and that you have no previous experience in using computers. You felt that the receptionist did not listen to you and that she was not sensitive to your concerns. Explore the use of information technology in communications in health and social care by: Analyse how the use of IT in health and social care benefits service users. Critically evaluate how the IT supports and enhances the activities of care workers and care organizations/ agencies. Analyse health and safety legal considerations in the use of IT The information Communication Technology allows us to improve the efficiency of the health care services. IT has the potential to improve the quality, and safety of health care. It improves positive patients experiences and facilities research and development relevant to health and social care. There are so many benefits of IT for services; in fact IT in healthcare setting is made for the development of rendering care to the patients. For example, the patient management systems, it allows the health care providers to render care to the right patient with right treatment at the right time. Another example is the inventory management system, it allows the healthcare providers to store and check for medical supplies and to ensure that medicines is readily available for the patients. They also have the electronic health record, billing system, and highly sophisticated medical devices. The standard ICT software is word processing, spreadsheets, database, information retrieval, and emails. They benefit the service users through meeting individual needs, administration of treatments, efficiency of administrative processes, accuracy of records, communication, and maintaining independence. A specific example is the use of Electronic Health Records (EHR) which serves as a patient-tra cking system providing real time access to patient data. Another example is the Clinical Decision Support System (CDSS) which provides healthcare providers real-time diagnostic and treatment recommendations. There is also interoperability which refers to electronic communication among organizations so that the data in one IT system can be incorporated into another. These are the stuffs in ICT that are being used today. In the scenario the receptionist asks the patient to use the computer screen to indicate that the patient has arrived. In that scenario, they are using innovative machines already. The said machine of ICT is Electronic Health Records and Electronic Care Communications, it provides access to information, and must keep being developed and/or modernized in all areas for additional benefits. IT has the way for innovations of the quality and safety of health care. The ICT supports and enhances health and social care activities of care workers and care organizations and agencies. It is through financial, clinical, administrative, infrastructures, which the needs of manpower are met; and there is a demand regarding innovation in business administration which is efficiency and quality of service. It also helps in meeting requirements, accountability, and audit. In the scenario, the use of a computer screen as an indication of a patients arrival makes the work of the receptionist lighter and easier. If there was no such thing then like the traditional way of handling the services in a hospital, the receptionist will have to entertain every service user, with limited time, limited resources and limited manpower. The health and safety legal considerations in the use of ICT are quite dangerous when not brought into awareness by the users. Safety measures are needed before implementing the use of ICT. In fact, there were several issues taken into consideration in the use of ICT. Ergonomics are usually raised problems. One solution to have bigger and has to be good design interiors of the working environment to reduce and avoid the accompanying health and safety problems and if not tolerated may turn into inability or worst of the user. Radiation in computer monitors are very dangerous if prolong usage. It may destroy the normal eyesight of the user. Another problem when using ICT is the posture while seating or standing. Again prolong posture while using the said machines may turn into serious injury in the back of the service user. Stiff necks are also common in the user. In order to avoid this, the monitor should be at eye level, fleet flat on the floor, knees and elbows with angles, no strai ning of neck, and must have a well-adjusted brightness of the screen and a screen protector or radiation protector screen. Another solution for the users is exercise before using the computer like neck rotation, back bending and rotation and hands shake. A very common problem met in ICT is called eye strain due to too much usage of computer and the eyes are exposed to radiation. There is also the Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI) like carpal tunnel syndrome in using the keyboards. Most of the time too much exposure and use of ICT give stress. For personal safety, it is deal to seek the experts who have taken health and safety courses in manual handling, and repairing especially that there are some hazardous substances present. In a scenario where I have no previous experience in using a computer, it would be best for the patient to call an assistance to demonstrate to me how to use it or better yet, the receptionist should provide assistance for the patient. ICT has many advantages and disadvantage so it depends on the users to control so that health wont be at stake. 806 words

Elizabeth Gaskells Ruth as a Victim of Circumstance :: Elizabeth Gaskell Ruth Essays

Elizabeth Gaskell's Ruth as a Victim of Circumstance When her parents die when she is still very young, innocent Ruth Hilton is sent to the city by the guardian she does not know. In the city she is to learn the trade very common for young girls during this time, that of the seamstress (Ugoretz), but events take a drastic turn when she becomes noble Mr Bellingham's mistress. Only 16 years old, Ruth is thrown into the for her unknown adult world and in this world, she cannot separate right from wrong and is thus considered to be a sinner. However, life is never simple and straightforward and in this essay, I discuss the moral aspects of the novel to decide if Ruth really is a bad person. What do we know about Ruth? Well, she seems to be very innocent and not at all aware of Bellingham's intentions, maybe due to the fact that she was left an orphan at such early an age. Like in most literature of this era, descriptions of sexuality are left out and the only way we find out that Ruth and Bellingham have a sexual relationship (although of course we guess that this is the case) is when we are told that Ruth is pregnant, but we are never told whether she knows how this baby was conceived. My guess is that she had never been told about sexuality and knew little about marriage, else a religious and piteous girl like her would never have been this blind to what she was doing. She knows that her relationship with Bellingham make other people talk, but she does not seem to understand why. She could not have known how wrong it was and that this really is the case is confirmed by Ruth herself: "I was very young; I did not know how such a life was against God's pure and holy will - at least not as I know it now" (p 246). When she learns that she is expecting a child, her only wish is to make this child grow up to be good and religious. She promises God that she will try only to do good deeds to make up for her sins, a promise she keeps during the rest of her life. The real hero in this novel is the Dissenter minister Mr Benson, who feels for Ruth and wants to protect her.

M&S Case Study Essay

Introduction As stated by Andrew (2001), the Porter’s generic strategies framework assist the business to evaluate a competitive atmosphere. The five Porters force mainly deal with entry threat, power of buyers and suppliers, substitute’s threat, and competitive rivalry. The threat of entry According to Porter (1980), entry freedom into a new market is normally considered an indication of the extent of company’s competitiveness. Porter further states that the larger the barriers to entry, the less the threat of new companies moving into the market. Marks and Spencer individually can keep prices low strategically to minimize possible entrants into the market. This is called entry deterring pricing that establishes a barrier to other competitors. As stated by Anthony (1999), these barriers are unique characteristics of an industry that defines it. The barriers decrease the pace at which new firms enter the industry thus maintaining low profits levels for other companies. The power of buyers For Marks and Spencer to root to its customers, it has to emphasis on grassroots acquisition of customers so as to offer an enlarged bargaining power to them. Consumers can improve their bargaining power suppose the services or products of an organization are not affordable or are of low quality. The consumers an also have strong bargaining power suppose they purchase standard, undifferentiated goods from suppliers. The buyers will be weak if producers can over own retailing if the producers are not standardized and the buyer cannot switch to another product (Johnson and Scholes, 2002). The company has tried to minimize such cases for high competitive advantage. The company has also to find new delivery methods that will improve customer satisfaction. Power of suppliers According to Porters (1980), a supplier can have influence suppose the company works within a limited market and there is a degree of substitutability. As asserted by Grant (2005), there are some factors that determine the power of the company to attain all the needed account to meet the relevant profits. There are credible onwards integration threats by suppliers, supplier’s concentration, cost of switching suppliers, and its powerfulness to boycott low quality products (Anthony, 1999). The company has to maintain a chain of suppliers for its products to beat the competition. Threat of Substitutes Porter (1980) describes the threat of substitution as the identification of substitute products that can perform the same function as the product in question. Marks and Spencer experiences some threats from the products of other companies. To an economist, intimidation of competitors take place supposes the product demand is affected by change in price of the competitors. Marks and Spencer’s products demand have been adversely affected by the strategic change in prices of other companies (Coyne, 1996). The new fashions available and the changing dressing mode are creating high competition between Marks and Spencer and other competitive companies. Rivalry Marks and Spencer faces high competition because various companies have emerged producing high quality products at affordable prices. This high concentration shows that the company has many competitors and majority has an important market share. To counter competition, Marks and Spencer has managed to lower prices so as to gain a temporary advantage. It has also strived to improve their product features and qualities during the manufacture (Grant, 2005). References Andrew, H., 2001. Understanding Potters five force analyses in the industries: view in the global world. Macmillan publishers. pp.22-27. Anthony, W., 1999. Strategic comparison of business to consumers’ relationships. Macmillan publishers. Coyne, K., 1996. Bringing obedience to policy. The McKinsey Quarterly. No.4. Grant, R., 2005. Modern policy investigation. The Blackwell Publishing Ltd., Oxford (U.K.). Johnson & Scholes, 2002. Strategic Management. 6th ed. Exploring Corporate Strategy Text & Cases.

Introduction to Clinical Trial

Introduction to Clinical Trial Introduction Studies show that human behaviors are subjective to whatever each one believes or knows. In fact, in most studies the expectations tend to present certain degrees of risks that influence the research outcomes. The expectations seem to occur particularly whenever the assessments show some level of subjectivity. The resultant effect is the generation of biased findings.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Introduction to Clinical Trial specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, researchers in clinical trials tend to use masking also dubbed as blinding in order to get rid of the biasness. However, many clinical researchers across the globe seem to comprehend the term blinding although there are perplexities lurking afar the general understanding of the term. For instance, the types of blinding namely triple blinding, double blinding, and single blinding have different meanings according to various individu als. The different views create miscomprehensions resulting from the confusing meanings. In clinical trials, blinding has a very rich account that has been in existence for centuries. According to medical literature, blinding entails making all the data collectors (assessors), healthcare providers (investigators) and trial participants uninformed about the allocated intervention in order to avoid the influence of such information. Besides improving the trial participants’ retention and conformity, blinding minimizes knowledge bias also called the differential evaluation of results. This research examines the importance of blinding in clinical trials, the types of blinds, as well as offers recommendation on the best type of blind. The importance of blinding in clinical trials Blinding plays an invaluable role as a methodological aspect of the randomized controlled trials in clinical research studies. In other words, blinding provides the most favorable devices for minimizing t he probability of disparity in treatment as well as the evaluation of outcomes in clinical trials. Besides, the cover up of group allocation from a number of individuals involved in clinical studies comes with its own justifications and significance (Devereaux, Manns, Ghali, 2001). When randomized controlled trials are conducted well and thoroughly, the ingredients for the provision of optimal approximations arise from the effect of the intrusions involving surgeries. In addition, masking has a strong point in augmenting the validity of statistical experiments applied in the justification process. This arises founded on the fact that the disparities incurred in the intervention groups and control groups portray the differences between two random samples of the population. In essence, the disparities amid the control and interference study groups ought to be evaluated against the likelihood expectations in the research populace (Kaptchuk, 1998). Numerical experiments are based on va rious presuppositions ranging from adequate test sizes to the standard variation allocations that are autonomous from blinding as a fraction of the study plan.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Secondly, blinding in clinical trials produces a cluster of attributes that are similar considering the known and unknown aspects of prognosis. For instance, through the generation of two factions of focus that have comparable attributes, blinding appears to be important in reducing the predisposition arising from the event where a single group of the sample has attributes that are either recognized or indefinite. The attributes must be influencing the connection that exists between the intervention and the expected results. Third, through blinding in clinical trials, there is the elimination and minimization of the remaining prejudices to the least levels. For instance, predispositions can take place at different levels during clinical trials. In fact, the period of the prospective evaluation where the healthcare providers, investigators, and screening teams such as data safety monitoring boards are blinded as the subjects’ consigned cluster. At this point, the healthcare providers’ comprehension has the effect of influencing the clinical care of the subjects thereby leading to bias (Kaptchuk, 1998). Additionally, during the assessment of the results as well as judgment deliverance, the evaluators of the results are masked in order to be invisible to the subjects of the assigned group. In the event where the outcome assessors are unmasked involving the board responsible for making the final judgment on the accomplishment of the clinical trial, the evaluators may be biased due to their preconceived expected result perceptions. Moreover, during the actual assignment that precedes masking the group in focus to their assigned cluster, th e unmasked subjects are capable of changing their individual actions and the autonomous evaluations relating to the qualities of life, which are key endpoints in clinical trials. Generally, failure of the subjects to comprehend clearly their assigned groups would bring the likelihood of them crossing from the control group to the intervention cluster (Sackett, 2007). Similarly, the blinded subjects portray less likelihood of being eliminated from the study. Blinding in clinical trials also has ethical importance. In fact, masking subsequent to clinical trial ensures that all subjects are provided with equal opportunities during the trial. In essence, clear and proper randomization in allocating the subjects to the intervention or control cluster is irrespective of any predisposition of the conceived intentions.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Introduction to Clinical Trial specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More B linding is also important in preventing the subsequent assignments in clinical trial from being recognized. Thus, blinding enables healthcare providers to be unable to know the next group of patients that are to be allocated prior to entering the trial. For instance, a doctor administering a new drug intended to help patients lose their body weights is required to randomize the subjects to the new weight-losing drug. If the doctor knows the drug that is to be administered to the next patient, the possibility of the doctor inclining to the patients is perceived to benefit more from the administration of the drug. Based on this development, blinding is very important in the elimination of the predetermined awareness of upcoming cleaning trial assignments (Sackett, 2007). The absence of concealment leads to overestimation of the intervention consequences. Studies indicate that the utilization of inadequate allocation blinding during clinical trials produces up to over forty percent tre atment effect compared to trials conducted using adequate allocation concealment thereby leading to biasness. For instance, considering a trial of glucosamine in the treatment of knee pain, forty-eight patients underwent randomization for either placebo (n=23) or glucosamine (n=25). Through the employment of blinding experimental design, the results indicated that approximately ninety percent of the patients in the glucosamine cluster recorded improvement in the knee pain (Kaptchuk, 1998). Conversely, approximately twenty percent of those in the placebo group recorded improvement in knee pain. Based on the results, it is evident that the application of adequate concealment in clinical trial gives standardized treatment effects. Moreover, blinding during clinical trials makes sure that the concealment schemes are unknown using adequate blinding techniques. For instance, the use of sequentially numbered, opaque, and sealed envelopes is an example of blinding technique thereby assuring adequate concealment. Types of blinds Even though the term blinding brings difficulty and confusion in understanding, a number of pollsters throughout the globe today comprehend it better than they used to do in the past. In fact, the researchers have mystified blinding with the allotment concealment due to misapprehension. According to the different opinions and understanding of the diverse groups of people, there are three types of blinding (Schulz, Chalmers, Altman, 2002). The types of blinding include triple blinding, double blinding, and single blinding. In all the blinding cases, the assessors, investigators in the trial, and participants are blocked from the familiarity with the investigation assignment. All these types are opposed to an open label or non-blinded clinical trials where the recipient of the intervention becomes identified using everybody in the trial process.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When all through the entire process of trial a single party out of the three groups of characters in the trial remains unaware of the intervention project, the clinical trial is dubbed as single blinding. However, bewilderment when defining single blinding may occur given that the assessor lacks familiarity with the intervention, but the examiner and the participants are aware of such interventions. Conversely, some differences emerge in the case of double binding trial (Juni, Altman, Egger, 2001). For instance, during the whole process of double blinding trial, the evaluator, examiner, and the participants are all not in possession of the facts of the intervention mission. As such, the researchers are at times hoodwinks in that the whole group is kept unaware of the intervention assignment. Interestingly, double blinding might precisely refer to the two classes in that the examiner as well as the regular assessments in the case of medicinal investigation. In contrast, triple blind ing trail denotes a double blind trial where the unsighted data analysis is sustained. The examiners may observe the experiment as triple blinding when the participants, researchers, and evaluators are all uninformed of the intervention mission. In addition, the examiners perceive an experiment as a triple blind once the evaluators and examiners are both distinct and ignorant of the involvements. The triple bind is not often employed by the examiners to mean blinding of information analysts, evaluators, and contributors (Sackett, 2007). Therefore, all the three categories of individuals in triple blinding clinical trials are scheduled to have no any other information about the involvement tasks. The best type of blind and why In view of all the three types of blinding, I would prefer the double blinding to the triple and single blinding during clinical trials. Indeed, several researchers and medical investigators insist on a double blinding clinical trial as it is of high quality. F or instance, in this type of blinding, failures hardly appear during the blinding process. In fact, all trial participants are very unaware of the preceding and upcoming trails events. That is, everyone lacks knowledge on what the clinical results would be after the trial is completed. Although double blinding is of high quality, it may not offer the most important general quality of the trial. There is an indication of blinding the outcome assessors, participants, and investigators, which might lead to death. However, since double blinding is a sin qua non of the randomized control trial, it prevents biasness. As examined in the practical studies, double blind trial avoids bias to some extents while on regular grounds it puts a stop to biasness than sufficient concealment. Conclusion In randomized control clinical trials, the outcome validity can be maximized through blinding technique, which assists researchers in minimizing information bias. Based on the research analysis, the cl inical trial participants including data analysts, result judges, data gatherers as well as practitioners ought to be blinded. However, despite the presence of different kinds of blinding, very few clinical trials tend to include blinding during research studies. Blinding can only be achieved via the use of inventive and novel methods. Irrespective of the limitations eminent in triple blinding, double blinding, and single blinding, double blinding appears to be the best type of blinding. In this type of blinding, failures hardly appear during the blinding process. References Devereaux, P., Manns, B., Ghali, W. (2001). Physician interpretations and textbook definitions of blinding terminology in randomized controlled trials. JAMA, 285 (3), 2000–03. Juni, P., Altman, D., Egger, M. (2001). Systematic reviews in health care: assessing the quality of controlled clinical trials. BMJ, 323 (6), 42–6. Kaptchuk, T. (1998). Intentional ignorance: A history of blind assessment a nd placebo controls in medicine. Bull Hist Med, 72(2), 389–433. Sackett, D. (2007). Measuring the success of blinding in RCTs: Don’t, must, can’t or needn’t. Int J Epidemiol, 36(3),664–5. Schulz, K., Chalmers, I., Altman, D. (2002). The landscape and lexicon of blinding in randomized trials. Ann Intern Med, 136 (1), 254–59.

Luhrmann and Zeffirelli introduce the characters of Romeo and Juliet in their film versions of Shakespeares play Essay Example

Luhrmann and Zeffirelli introduce the characters of Romeo and Juliet in their film versions of Shakespeares play Essay Example Luhrmann and Zeffirelli introduce the characters of Romeo and Juliet in their film versions of Shakespeares play Paper Luhrmann and Zeffirelli introduce the characters of Romeo and Juliet in their film versions of Shakespeares play Paper Essay Topic: Romeo and Juliet Films are made to make money and attract mass audiences. Most filmmakers want to aim their film at a wide range of people so that their film is a box office success. Films are more advanced than performances of plays in theatres as they can use lighting, sound effects, music and cameras to create atmosphere and influence peoples reactions by using close-up shots of things they want the audience to take notice of. In a film the camera is the viewers eye so they can only see what the camera allows them to but in a play the audience can see everything at once and the camera isnt there to zoom in on something which they need to recognise as significant as it can in a film. Filmmakers can also use costumes and settings to suggest a characters personality or the atmosphere of the place they are in. Also, in films, computerised sound effects and real settings can be used. In films they can have sets outdoors, in houses and anywhere else they need to but in a play they cannot have real settings as they are all artificial and have to be changed for nearly every scene. In plays they cannot have large crowds of people for a battle or suchlike as they would not all fit on the stage so they have to have limited numbers and this, therefore, is not as realistic as it can be in films as they can have thousands of actors if they need them. Lastly, as the dialogue in plays is sometimes far too long, filmmakers often cut the text in places and move it around in the plot until they are happy with their scripts. This technique is not often used in plays as they tend to be more traditional and stick to the original text. The Zeffirelli version of the play was made in the late 1960s and was aimed at a wide range of people from very young to very old. Zeffirelli wanted to give people a traditional film of the play so he kept most of the original text and used music and costumes which would have been appropriate to when the play is set. It was a box office smash hit even though Zeffirelli shocked many people by being experimental he chose two, very young, unknown actors to play Romeo and Juliet and used (at the time) very innovative camera movements. Luhrmann chose a very different approach to making Romeo and Juliet into a film from Zeffirelli, as he did not do a traditional version at all. He aimed it mainly to bring the younger generation of people an understanding of Shakespeare and so modernised it so that it would appeal to the audiences of 1997. Even though there was a 30 year gap between the making of these films, they were both very successful and attracted mass audiences. I will now look at the similarities and differences between the two versions. Both directors decided to frame Romeo the first time he is seen Zeffirelli in an archway and Luhrmann in a cliff. Both the films suggest Romeo has been alone in the first shots of him as he is seen walking back into the city by himself. In both the versions Romeo is implied not to be as rough as the other lads and doesnt seem to fit in with them in Zeffirelli he comes back to the city holding flowers while in Luhrmann he uses very soft focus on Romeos face and Romeo is alone, looking out to sea which implies he is very romantic when none of the other lads are. Also, in both the films, as soon as the camera switches to Romeo for the first time the music becomes slow, dreamy and romantic which is emphasising his youth and romantic feelings. Both directors used, at the time of making their film, very innovative camera movements, for example in Zeffirellis version the camera went through peoples legs in the fight scenes. However, there are also many differences between the two films. Zeffirelli aimed to do a traditional film of the play so that people would know what Shakespeare is really like but Luhrmann aimed to bring the modern generation of people an updated version and to show that the story is still relevant today. Therefore Zeffirelli chose to keep most of the original dialogue from the text, to use Shakespearian costumes and music which would have been appropriate to when it is set but Luhrmann cut lots of the text, did not use Shakespearian costumes and had modern pop music playing in the background. Also, Luhrmann did not set the film in Italy as Zeffirelli did, he set it in a big American city which showed the modern audiences that the play is still significant today. In Shakespeares day, Italy was the main country and also had the most power but when Luhrmann remade the film 30 years later, America was now the Italy of the 20th century and so he set it there so that the viewers would think it applied to them, and was not just a Shakespearian play which was not relevant any more. Luhrmann also used references to modern films in his adaptation which a modern audience would understand and enjoy but Zeffirelli did not have any references at all in his film which suggests that he was maybe trying to appeal to a slightly older generation of viewers than Luhrmann was. Zeffirelli shocked people when he made his film of the play as he chose two very young, unknown actors to play Romeo and Juliet but when Luhrmann made his version in the late 1990s he chose two older, better established, American actors. In Zeffirellis version all the characters except the nurse spoke RP which is often associated with Shakespearian characters but in Luhrmanns he changed the text so that it could be spoken in American English and still sound Shakespearian. Zeffirelli also chose to use two actors who fitted the Italian stereotype of dark hair, dark eyes and olive skin but Luhrmann chose two actors who did not fit it at all. However, I think the main difference between these two film versions of the play is that Zeffirelli opted to do a traditional version and Luhrmann updated it so that it would still appeal to a younger modern audience. The introduction of Romeo is quite similar in both films. I will look at how Zeffirelli introduces him first and then how Luhrmann does it. In Zeffirellis dramatisation of the play as soon as the audience get their first view of Romeo, the music becomes slow, innocent, romantic and dreamy. Romeo is framed by a big archway which emphasises to the audience how small, young and vulnerable he is and he is walking back into the town holding flowers which shows that he must have been alone. As he is holding flowers and smiling this suggests that he is not like the other lads he is not aggressive but is gentle and doesnt seem to fit in with the other lads which is why he has separated himself from them and gone somewhere by himself. He is wearing a traditional Shakespearian costume which emphasises Zeffirellis aim to keep the film as authentic as he could. As the music is dreamy it implies that Romeo is a bit of a daydreamer and he seems to have a dreamy expression on his face until he sees his parents and Benvolio when his expression changes to an uncomfortable, uncertain look. He moves into the shadows of the walls which suggests he is secretive and doesnt want his parents to see him. Zeffirelli then uses a close-up of Romeos face which shows the audience how young he is as he has a heart-shaped face and looks small and gentle. He also fits the stereotype of Italians with his dark hair, dark eyes and olive complexion but in the Luhrmann adaptation Leonardo DiCaprio does not fit this stereotype at all as he is blond with fair skin. This shows how Zeffirelli was keen to keep his version a traditional one whereas Luhrmann wasnt. Zeffirelli also suggests that Romeo is defensive as when he is with Benvolio he crosses his arms and says is the day so young which implies that he is in a world of his own and enjoying the fact that he is miserable. Then Romeo is shut out from the injured man because the door is slammed in his face. This is a reminder of the feud between the two families and after his event, Romeo flounces off which suggests he no longer wants to be a part of it. The way in which Luhrmann introduces the character of Romeo is quite similar to the way in which Zeffirelli did it. As in Zeffirelli, when the camera switches to the first shot of Romeo the background music becomes slow and dreamy and Romeo is alone, framed in the cliff on a beach. Romeo is sitting with his back to the city which is symbolic as it shows he does not want anything to do with the feud and he is looking out to sea which immediately suggests that he has depth and is not shallow like the other lads. Then Luhrmann zooms in on Romeos face but uses very soft focus so this gives the impression that Romeo is gentle and romantic but not aggressive and violent like the other lads he is friends with. The camera then zooms back out and shows that Romeo is dresses like a business man but casually as he has his top button open. He is writing and speaking the words as he writes them these are actually his lines but as he is writing it looks like he is writing the play which makes him seem romantic. As in Zeffirelli, when Romeo sees his parents he suddenly looks annoyed or uncomfortable but different to Zeffirellis version, he does not fit the Italian stereotype as he is blond and pale-skinned. However, the Romeo presented in this film of the play is also bored with the feud and fighting which is the same in Zeffirelli so Luhrmann did try to keep some authenticity but not as much as Zeffirelli did. I will now look at the introduction of Juliet in both the Zeffirelli and the Luhrmann dramatisations of the play. In the Zeffirelli version there is a scene before we see Juliet in which Paris has come to ask her father for Juliets hand in marriage and her father accepts but asks Paris if he could wait a year or so, so that she would be a little older as she is only 13. This prepares the audience for the fact that Juliet is going to be so young and vulnerable even before they get to see her. This scene does not take place in the Luhrmann adaptation. When the camera first switches to Juliet the music becomes very light-hearted and seems to be skipping along so this stresses Juliets youth. Juliet is laughing and playing with the nurse which shows how childlike she is compared to Romeo. She then appears at a window which she is framed in so that she looks like a Renaissance painting as she is very elaborately dressed and heavily made-up. There is then a close-up of her face which shows her to be very young, have a heart-shaped face and be very demure, innocent and wide-eyed which again stresses her youth. She also fits the Italian stereotype perfectly and looks even younger than Romeo did as her hair frames her face as well as the window framing her. She is wearing a red dress which is very bright and rich but also symbolises romance, blood, passion and danger and so stands out when she attends the ball later in the film. Juliet is then called for by the nurse who says her mother wants to see her and immediately, Juliet straightens her hair and dress and runs off in her mothers direction. This shows she is still very obedient and only cares about doing what her mother wants her to do. She is a contrast to Romeo in this scene as she is in a family home, skipping and laughing but Romeo is moping around by himself so this implies that Juliet is still a child without any thoughts of romance or marriage but that Romeo is older and more mature. When Juliet arrives at her mothers chamber the mother sends the nurse out of the room and Juliet looks puzzled and uncomfortable without her presence. This shows that she is actually closer to the nurse than her own mother which the audience will find sad. The audience know that her mother wants to talk to her about her marriage to Paris but Juliet doesnt and seems to be worried when she is wondering why she as been sent for as she bites her lip. When her mother asks her if she will marry Paris, Juliet says she will but she only seems to be saying so because she knows her mother would be angry if she refused. This shows that Juliets mother is very controlling of her daughter, even if she hardly ever talks to or does anything with her. In the Luhrmann adaptation the first shot of Juliet is a close-up of her face. She doesnt match the Italian stereotype and seems to be much older than the character from the play really was. As in Zeffirelli, Juliet is very wide-eyed and her face is framed with her hair but she is not heavily made-up as Juliet in Zeffirelli was. She then plunges her head into the water which symbolises freshness and nature which in turn symbolise her youth. She is dressed in white which is different to Zeffirelli and this symbolises purity and nature. When the nurse calls for Juliet, Juliet is still obedient as in Zeffirellis version but she doesnt seem as respectful to her mother she has a teenage look on her face as if to say oh, not my mother again which is one of the things Luhrmann has updated. When she reaches her mothers room Juliet looks impatient when waiting for her to talk as if she thinks she has better things to do than listen to her mother but she did not do this in Zeffirelli. This has, again, been updated to appeal to the audiences of 1997. Then, her mother shows her a photograph of Paris and Juliet looks puzzled at fist but then she says the same lines as she did in Zeffirelli which shows she is still obedient, if not as respectful. After her mother leaves the room, Juliet looks thoughtful as if it is beginning to dawn on her that a marriage has been arranged for her and this is much faster than in Zeffirelli the whole play takes place over a few days in the Luhrmann film but in Zeffirelli it is much slower. In conclusion, I think that both films were successful in introducing the characters of Romeo and Juliet but that Zeffirelli kept to his traditional aims in doing it and Luhrmann used a more modern approach.

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